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have/has + past participle links the past with now: I have lived here for five years.
will for decisions and predictions, going to for plans: I am going to study tonight.
who for people, which for things, that for both; whose shows possession.
First: if + present, will + verb. Second: if + past, would + verb.
be + past participle: The letter was written yesterday. The room is cleaned every day.
Short adjectives: -er and the -est; long adjectives: more and the most. Irregular: good – better…
was/were + -ing describes an action in progress in the past: I was reading when you called.
used to + verb describes past habits and states that no longer exist.
Reporting verbs shift the tense back: "I am tired" → She said (that) she was tired.
although, however, because, so, therefore connect ideas and show contrast or reason.
A verb + particle has a special meaning: give up, look after, turn off.
enjoy, avoid, finish + -ing; want, decide, hope + to + verb.