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Third: if + past perfect, would have + participle. Mixed conditionals combine past and present.
Negative adverbs at the start trigger inversion: Never have I seen such a view.
wish + past for present regrets, wish + past perfect for past regrets: I wish I had more time.
It is/was ... that/who ... emphasises one part of a sentence.
Passive with modals and reporting verbs: The report is said to have been leaked.
Participle clauses shorten sentences: Having finished work, she went home.
Despite/in spite of + noun or -ing; whereas and while contrast two ideas.
Formal English prefers complete forms and precise vocabulary: I would be grateful if you could .…
Words combine in fixed ways: make a decision, take a risk, break the ice.
Verbs become nouns in formal writing: decide → decision, improve → improvement.
Markers organise a text: firstly, moreover, in contrast, to sum up.
Hedging softens claims: It seems that, may, tends to. Emphasis: do/does/did + verb.